Rhamnus frangula

Loosely upward-reaching large shrub, sometimes small tree with crooked stem, 2-5 (7) m tall, 2-4 m wide, branches arching when old, twigs horizontal and overhanging; medium to strong-growing.

Inconspicuous, greenish white stars under the leaves, May to June.

Pea-size berries, initially (July) red, later (August) shiny black, persistent; repugnant taste, unpalatable, poisonous.

Ovoid, early shoots at the end of April; pale medium green; pale yellow autumn colours end of October to November.

Cordate with the tendency to form runners; not sensitive to floods and moderate covering.

Sun to semi-shade, very not demanding, robust; tolerates warmth, frost hardy; good for urban areas, wind resistant.

On all acidic to neutral, prefers heavy substrates; fresh to damp, avoids drought.

Zone 3